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Pharming
By John Scales Avery*
5 January 2015
A major global public health crisis may soon be produced by the wholesale use of antibiotics in the food of healthy farm animals. The resistance factors produced by shoveling antibiotics into animal food produces resistance factors (plasmids) which can easily be transferred to human pathogens.
**Domestic sheep and a cow (heifer) pastured together in South Africa | Author: Lollie-Pop from Cape Town, South Africa | Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. | Wikimedia Commons
A related problem is the excessive use of pesticides and artificial fossil-fuel-derived fertilizers in agriculture.
Pharming is not a joke. It is a serious threat.
http://ecowatch.com/2014/03/06/misuse-antibiotics-fatal-superbug-crisis/
http://ecowatch.com/2013/12/06/8-scary-facts-about-antibiotic-resistance/
http://ecowatch.com/2015/03/27/obama-fight-superbug-crisis/
http://ecowatch.com/2014/03/12/fda-regulation-antibiotics-factory-farms/
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-35153795
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-21702647
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-34857015
http://sustainableagriculture.net/about-us/
https://pwccc.wordpress.com/programa/
***There are two types of plasmid integration into a host bacteria: Non-integrating plasmids replicate as with the top instance, whereas episomes, the lower example, can integrate into the host chromosome. | Author: User:Spaully | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. | Wikimedia Commons
Plasmids
Bacteria belong to a class of organisms (prokaryotes) whose cells do not have a nucleus. Instead, the DNA of the bacterial chromosome is arranged in a large loop.
In the early 1950’s, Joshua Lederberg discovered that bacteria can exchange genetic information.
He found that a frequently-exchanged gene, the F-factor (which conferred fertility), was not linked to other bacterial genes; and he deduced that the DNA of the F-factor was not physically a part of the main bacterial chromosome.
In 1952, Lederberg coined the word “plasmid” to denote any extrachromosomal genetic system.
In 1959, it was discovered in Japan that genes for resistance to antibiotics can be exchanged between bacteria; and the name “R-factors” was given to these genes. Like the F-factors, the R-factors did not seem to be part of the main loop of bacterial DNA.
Because of the medical implications of this discovery, much attention was focused on the R-factors. It was found that they were plasmids, small loops of DNA existing inside the bacterial cell, but not attached to the bacterial chromosome.
Further study showed that, in general, between one percent and three percent of bacterial genetic information is carried by plasmids, which can be exchanged freely even between different species of bacteria.
In the words of the microbiologist, Richard Novick, “Appreciation of the role of plasmids has produced a rather dramatic shift in biologists’ thinking about genetics.
The traditional view was that the genetic makeup of a species was about the same from one cell to another, and was constant over long periods of time.
Now a significant proportion of genetic traits are known to be variable (present in some individual cells or strains, absent in others), labile (subject to frequent loss or gain) and mobile, all because those traits are associated with plasmids or other atypical genetic systems.”
Pesticides, artificial fertilizers and topsoil
A very serious problem with Green Revolution plant varieties is that they require heavy inputs of pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. Because of this, the use of high-yield varieties contributes to social inequality, since only rich farmers can afford the necessary inputs.
****A Lite-Trac four-wheeled self-propelled crop sprayer spraying pesticide on a field | Author: Lite-Trac | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. | Wikimedia Commons
Monocultures, such as the Green Revolution varieties may also prove to be vulnerable to future plant diseases, such as the epidemic that caused the Irish Potato Famine in 1845.
Even more importantly, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation all depend on then use of fossil fuels. One must ask, therefore, whether high-yield agriculture can be maintained in the post-fossil-fuel era.
Topsoil is degraded by excessive use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers. Natural topsoil is rich in organic material, which contains sequestered carbon that would otherwise be present in our atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases.
In addition, natural topsoil contains an extraordinarily rich diversity of bacteria and worms that act to convert agricultural wastes from one year’s harvest into nutrients for the growth of next year’s crop.
Pesticides kill these vital organisms, and make the use of artificial fertilizers necessary.
*****A sign warning about potential pesticide exposure. | Author: CGP Grey http://www.cgpgrey.com | Source: Warning Pesticides: Fire Will Cause Toxic Fumes | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. | Wikimedia Commons
Finally, many small individual farmers, whose methods are sustainable, are being eliminated by secret land-grabs or put out of business because they cannot compete with unsustainable high-yield agriculture.
Traditional agriculture contains a wealth of knowledge and biodiversity, which it would be wise for the world to preserve.
—
*John Scales Avery, Ph.D., who was part of a group that shared the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize for their work in organizing the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, is a member of the TRANSCEND Network and Associate Professor Emeritus at the H.C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
He is chairman of both the Danish National Pugwash Group and the Danish Peace Academy and received his training in theoretical physics and theoretical chemistry at M.I.T., the University of Chicago and the University of London.
He is the author of numerous books and articles both on scientific topics and on broader social questions. His most recent book is Civilization’s Crisis in the 21st Century http://www.learndev.org/dl/Crisis21-Avery.pdf.
Don’t miss these articles by John Scales Avery in Human Wrongs Watch:
Culture, Education and Human Solidarity
The United States Drifts Towards Political Irresponsibilty
Paris and the Long-Term Future
We Must Stop the Madness of Brinkmanship
Paris: A Sense of Proportions Is Urgently Needed
Book Review: Aurelio Peccei and Daisako Ikeda, “Before It Is Too Late”
The Need for a New Economic System – PART IX: a New Society, a New Social Contract, a New Way Life
The Need for a New Economic System – PART VIII: The Cooperative Movement
The Need for a New Economic System – PART VII: The Global Food Crisis
The Need for a New Economic System – PART VI: Adverse Effects of Globalization
The Need for a New Economic System – PART V: The Threats and Costs of War
The Need for a New Economic System – PART IV: Neocolonialism and Resource Wars
The Need for a New Economic System – PART II: Entropy and Economics
The Need for a New Economic System – PART I : Limits to Growth
Israel, Iran and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Will the Real Issues Be Discussed in 2016?
New Hope for Avoiding Catastrophic Climate Change
Albert Einstein, Scientist and Pacifist
“The Path to Zero: Dialogues on Nuclear Dangers”, by Richard Falk and David Krieger
Millay’s “Epitaph for the Race of Man”
The Future of International Law (Part I)
The Future of International Law (Part II)
The Future of International Law (Part III)
Europe Must Not Be Forced Into a Nuclear War with Russia
Tactical Nuclear Weapons in Europe – The Dangers Are Very Great Today
Why Is the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons So Urgent?
Why Is the Military-Industrial Complex Sometimes Called “The Devil’s Dynamo”?
Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand Is at Our Throats
Does It Make Sense to Saw Off the Branch on Which You Are Sitting?
Blood for Oil – The Close Relationship Between Petroleum and War
—
Images:
**Domestic sheep and a cow (heifer) pastured together in South Africa | Author: Lollie-Pop from Cape Town, South Africa | Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. | Wikimedia Commons
***There are two types of plasmid integration into a host bacteria: Non-integrating plasmids replicate as with the top instance, whereas episomes, the lower example, can integrate into the host chromosome. | Author: User:Spaully | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic license. | Wikimedia Commons
****A Lite-Trac four-wheeled self-propelled crop sprayer spraying pesticide on a field | Author: Lite-Trac | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. | Wikimedia Commons
*****A sign warning about potential pesticide exposure. | Author: CGP Grey http://www.cgpgrey.com | Source: Warning Pesticides: Fire Will Cause Toxic Fumes | Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. | Wikimedia Commons
2016 Human Wrongs Watch
Source: http://human-wrongs-watch.net/2016/01/04/pharming/
