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Rare Korean Masterpieces Reside in Brooklyn
Jang Seung-eop, known by his pen name Owon, was a painter of the late Joseon Dynasty in Korea. “Geese and Reeds,” by Jang Seung-eop (1843–circa 1897), ink and light color on satin. (Brooklyn Museum)
NEW YORK—At the turn of the 20th century, a time when Asian art curators were most interested in Chinese or Japanese art, Stewart Culin dedicated much of his time to Korea. He was an ethnographer, anthropologist, and the Brooklyn Museum’s very first Asian art curator.
Because of his early interest in Korea, the Brooklyn Museum is one of the few American museums to hold a rare collection of Korean art.
“Since our collection of Korean art began early on, we became a place to give Korean art,” said Joan Cummins, Asian art curator at the Brooklyn Museum. “The Met and other museums used to not show interest, so people didn’t give things to the Met; they gave it to us.”
Stewart Culin installed the Korean collection in 1916. The Brooklyn museum is one of the first in the United States to dedicate permanent gallery space for Korean art. The museum has received works from various collectors, some with only one Korean piece.
“So it’s a real mish mash, but it’s a wonderful mish mash,” Cummins said earlier this month during a Korean art connoisseurs’ private viewing of the Brooklyn Museum’s Korean rarities. The event was organized by the Korean Art Society.
Scorched Paintings
At first glance, of the painting “Chrysanthemums, Rock and Bird,” one catches the intricately detailed petals of the chrysanthemum. The exquisite piece is not painted with a brush, but scorched on by various shapes and sizes of metal. The longer the heat is in contact with the paper, the darker a mark it leaves. For a lighter shade, the artist briefly touches the paper with burning metal.
A small group of artisans in the late Joseon Dynasty developed a mastery in manipulating the scorches to create a wide range of tones closely resembling a painted artwork.
“There is a little bit of cheating, a little bit of touching in [with paint] here and there,” Cummins said. “But it is mostly scorch marks, including the calligraphy.”
It’s very unusual for an American museum to hold this collection, Cummins said. It is rare to find such a series of scorched Korean paintings in the United States.
Old Geese
Jang Seung-eop (1843–circa 1897) is the founding father of modern Korean oriental painting and one of Korea’s most celebrated artists. “It’s rare to see his paintings in the U.S.,” said Robert Turley, president of the Korean Art Society.
The painting “Geese and Reeds” is a retirement gift. The title of the painting, pronounced as “noan,” is a play on words in Korean; it translates to “peaceful old age” and “wild geese.”
In a serene waterfront setting decorated with reeds, flowers dance with the wind. One cannot see the artist’s drunken state of mind when viewing the intricate shades of the geese feathers, but the abnormally large and animated heads of the geese might give it away.
Seung-eop grew up as an orphan and taught himself art while he was practically homeless, Turley said. Seung-eop was illiterate in Chinese; thus, his paintings are never signed. “It was unheard of for an artist of his caliber and fame to not be able to read Chinese, but that was how he was—and he was proud of it too.”
Korean art is still one of the great Asian traditions that has not been widely presented to American audiences.—Amy G. Poster
Seung-eop lived an unconventional life, producing many of his greatest works while drunk and disappearing into the mountains in 1897 at age 54. The year of his death is not known.
Korean landscape painting of the 18th century, the so-called true-view landscape painting, encompassed scenery that, while true to actual Korean landscapes, was also the most exemplary and most ideal in the country. “Myeonggyeong-dae,” by Jeong Seon (1676–1759), ink and light color on paper; framed with glass. (Brooklyn Museum)
“It’s really great,” said Taehyun Kim, president of Gallery Ho. “This is actually my first time seeing an Jang Seung-eop artwork. I’m very surprised to see it here.” She added that she was moved by the freedom of his style.
Mountain Reflection
The painting “Myeonggyeong-dae” is by the renowned Jeong Seon (1676–1759), founder of the true-view landscape painting style. Before the time of Jeong Seon, Korean landscape artists based their paintings on Chinese manuals.
“He was the one that encouraged Korean artists to go out and paint Korean landscapes, create realistic renditions of Korean landscapes,” Turley said.
The title of the piece translates to “mirrored terrace.” The painting is the reflection of the mountain in the river below and depicts the Hwangcheon River valley, which is commonly painted in Korean landscapes.
There is controversy over whether the reflection painting is a genuine Jeong Seon piece. The composition places the cliff in the center and the stream on the right, and characteristics of the rocks resemble the style of Kim Hong-do, an artist from a later time period. Some experts believe the piece was painted by a later artist who was influenced by both Jeong Seon’s and Kim Hong-do’s styles.
The painting does, however, contain a seal of Kim Chang-eop, the patron of Jeong Seon. “I have no reason to believe this is a fake,” Turley said. “This style of rocks is not unknown before Kim Hong-do’s time.”
Rare Ewer
The Brooklyn Museum is in possession of a world-famous glazed, green ewer with cover from the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392). Its body, lid, and knob are in the form of lotuses, and the handle is a lotus stalk tied at the top with reeds. Stoneware with underglaze slip decoration and glaze. (Brooklyn Museum)
The glazed, green ewer is one of the few surviving, elaborate Korean celadons. Koreans who visit the museum often say “this should be a national treasure in Korea,” Cummins said. “It’s our star object.” It was brought to the Brooklyn Museum in 1956.
The ewer’s lid, body, and knob are covered with lotus-petal motifs. The glaze gives off extra tones.
Celadon ceramics of the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392) are lauded in the Korean art circle. Their luminous green comes from iron in the clay and from the glaze, which is oxidized in a reduction kiln.
Museum’s Unique Legacy
“Korean art is still one of the great Asian traditions that has not been widely presented to American audiences,” said Amy G. Poster, retired head and curator of the Brooklyn Museum’s Asian art department, according to museum materials.
The Brooklyn Museum has the third-largest Korean art venue in the nation today. Its Asian art section will close in February for renovation.
“The gallery has not changed since 1978,” Cummins said. The Asian art wing is planned to open again in 2014 with twice the space for Korean art.
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