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Dying Star’s Last Gasp: A Swoosh In Space

Tuesday, December 18, 2012 12:42

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The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope celebrates the holiday season with a striking image of the planetary nebula NGC 5189. The intricate structure of the stellar eruption looks like a giant and brightly coloured ribbon in space.

Planetary nebulae represent a final brief stage in the life of a star like the Sun. While consuming the last of the fuel in its core, the star expels a large portion of its outer regions, which then heats up and glows brightly, showing intricate structures that scientists are still trying to fully understand. The structure visible within NGC 5189 is particularly dramatic, and Hubble’s image of the nebula is by far the most detailed yet made of this object [1].
Credit: ESA/Hubble

Hubble has been a key tool for studying planetary nebulae for years, and many of its images have become famous. As well as being highly attractive, planetary nebulae tell us about the ultimate fate of the Sun, which will form such a nebula when it runs out of fuel in a little over five billion years.

These nebulae were named by astronomers studying them through early telescopes with little magnification and optics that were far from sharp. The brightly coloured nebulae are often roughly spherical, and many appear green or blue like Uranus and Neptune, so their appearance evoked that of gas giant planets like those in the outer Solar System.

Beginning with a wide view of the constellations Crux (The Southern Cross) and Musca (The Fly), this video zooms in through ground based imagery to Hubble’s view of NGC 5189, a planetary nebula with a striking ribbon-like structure.

Credit: NASA, ESA, Digitized Sky Survey 2, A. Fujii

Many of them do indeed look somewhat planetlike, but NGC 5189 certainly does not: the nebula forms a dramatic reverse S-shape.

Looking at the detail of Hubble’s image, possible thanks to Hubble’s very high resolution, the nebula shows a series of dense knots in the clouds of gas. The gas and radiation flowing out from the dying star carves out shapes in the clouds, forming glowing bow-wave-like patterns towards the centre of the nebula.

The knots in NGC 5189 are a reminder of just how vast the planetary nebula is. They might look like mere details in this image, but each and every one is a similar size to the entire Solar System.

The star at the centre of the nebula, a dense white dwarf, is far too small to see as anything other than a point of light, even though it is roughly the size of the Earth.

In this episode of the Hubblecast, Dr Joe Liske (aka Dr J) invites us to tour NGC 5189, a planetary nebula in our galaxy. The nebula looks like a ribbon in space, with a complex structure that comes from the dying throes of a Sun-like star at its centre.

Credit: ESA/Hubble

The overall shape of NGC 5189 can counter intuitively tell us about what is happening on very small scales around the tiny central star. NGC 5189’s shape is reminiscent of a lawn sprinkler, with matter being expelled from the star, which is wobbling as it rotates.

Similar structures have been seen before, especially in planetary nebulae with binary stars at their centres. This is also a likely explanation for the structure of NGC 5189, though to date, only one star has been found at the nebula’s centre.
Notes

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.

[1] Previously, the best images of NGC 5189 came from the Gemini Observatory and the European Southern Observatory’s New Technology Telescope. Hubble’s surpasses both in clarity and sharpness.

Image credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

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