A McKinsey Global Institute report examines the distributional effects of these ultra-low rates. It finds that there have been significant effects on different sectors in the economy in terms of income interest and expense. From 2007 to 2012, governments in the eurozone, the United Kingdom, and the United States collectively benefited by $1.6 trillion both through reduced debt-service costs and increased profits remitted from central bank. Younger households that are net borrowers have benefited, while older households with significant interest-bearing assets have lost income.